Matthiessen helped found The Paris Review, one of the most influential literary magazines, and won National Book Awards for The Snow Leopard, his spiritual account of the Himalayas, and for Shadow Country. His new novel, In Paradise, is scheduled for publication on Tuesday.
A leading environmentalist and wilderness writer, he embraced the best and worst that nature could bring him, whether trekking across the Himalayas, parrying sharks in Australia or enduring a hurricane in Antarctica.
Matthiessen became a Zen Buddhist in the 1960s, and was later a Zen priest who met daily with a fellow group of practitioners in a meditation hut that he converted from an old stable. The granite-faced author, rugged and athletic into his 80s, tried to live out a modern version of the Buddhist legend, a child of privilege transformed by the discovery of suffering.
Matthiessen was born in New York in 1927, the son of Erard A. Matthiessen, a wealthy architect and conservationist. "The Depression had no serious effect on our well-insulated family," the author would later write.
While at Yale, he wrote the short story Sadie, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, and he soon acquired an agent. After graduation he moved to Paris and, along with fellow writer-adventurer George Plimpton, helped found The Paris Review. (Matthiessen would later acknowledge he was a CIA recruit at the time and used his work with the Review as a cover).
The magazine caught on, but Paris reminded Matthiessen that he was an American writer. In the mid-1950s he returned to the United States; socialised with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and other painters; operated a deep-sea fishing charter boat and wrote.
Matthiessen's early novels were short, tentative efforts, Race Rock, Raditzer and Partisans, which features a wealthy young man who confides "his ignorance of human misery." In need of money, Matthiessen also wrote for such magazines as Holiday and Sports Illustrated.
In 1961, Matthiessen emerged as a major novelist with At Play in the Fields of the Lord, his tale of missionaries under siege from both natives and mercenaries in the jungles of Brazil. Its detailed account of a man's hallucinations brought him a letter of praise from LSD guru Timothy Leary. The book was later adapted into a film of the same name, starring John Lithgow and Daryl Hannah.
In the 1980s and '90s, Matthiessen published a trio of novels Killing Mr. Watson, Lost Man's River and Bone by Bone about a community in Florida's Everglades at the turn of the 20th century and a predatory planter. Unhappy, especially with Lost Man's River, he spent years revising and condensing all three books into Shadow Country, published in 2008 and a surprise National Book Award winner.
Although an explorer in the Hemingway tradition, Matthiessen didn't seek to conquer nature, but to preserve it. In 1959, he published his first nonfiction book, Wildlife in America, in which he labels man "the highest predator" and one uniquely prone to self-destruction.
Much of his fiction, from At Play in the Fields of the Lord to Bone by Bone, bestowed a lion-like aura upon nature grand when respected, dangerous when provoked, tragic when exploited.
"There's an elegiac quality in watching (American wilderness) go, because it's our own myth, the American frontier, that's deteriorating before our eyes," he once wrote. "I feel a deep sorrow that my kids will never get to see what I've seen, and their kids will see nothing; there's a deep sadness whenever I look at nature now."
Matthiessen was married three times, most recently to Maria Eckhart, whom he wed in 1980. He had four children, two each from his first two marriages.
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